Ok, so now you’ve moved the goalposts quite convenienly. We started with a historical assertion that societies once possessed a “unifying worldview,” and that claim does not survive contact with history. It was DOA.
Trying to recast it as “shared metaphysical presuppositions” does not fix the problem, because belief in transcendence has never implied agreement about truth, ethics, authority, or meaning.
Theological history is overwhelmingly a history of disagreement: schisms, heresies, wars, political maneuvering, sectarian conflict, reformations, and dissent driven underground by force. The Papal State itself functioned for centuries as a territorial power, maintaining standing armies and waging wars to acquire land, resources, and consolidate influence through alliances. Popes sanctioned violence, political assassinations, and coercion in the service of power, wealth and control of resources rather than unity.
Papal offices were also frequently shaped by elite financial and political interests, with powerful banking families such as the Medici exerting decisive influence over papal selection and policy, including bribing Cardinals to select the Pope they wanted that was either a family member or a close ally that would continue their banking relationship. This happened multiple times and is not a historical aberration; it is evidence that religion often operated as a governing and control mechanism, not as a source of shared moral consensus.
What you describe as unity was not consensus but enforced orthodoxy. When deviation is punished, silence looks like agreement, but the existence of secret worship, underground movements, and repeated religious fractures shows disagreement was always present.
Are you seriously trying to claim that people would speak out and disagree just as much today if they knew punishment for this was being burned at the stake, crucification, or various other methods of torture like it was back then?
Isn’t it enough to note that many of the most brutal torture techniques ever devised were used to enforce religious orthodoxy and compel denunciation of “heretical” beliefs? That history alone makes clear that apparent unity came not from shared conviction, but from fear of extreme punishment. The argument that humanity was somehow "unified" under religion back in the day seems absurd when you realize the lengths they had to go through to create this facade.
And let's not even get into why the Church of England exists or was created in the first place, shall we?
Disagreement is also not solipsism, and pluralism is not relativism. Democracy is not a theory of truth; it is a governance mechanism for societies that lack moral unanimity, which they always have.
Appeals to pre-modern metaphysical certainty confuse unquestioned authority with coherence. Ethics were never governed by a single metanarrative; competing moral frameworks have always existed, with one temporarily dominant through power, whether it was just "flexed" to gain adherence or actually used to force it.
Religion historically functioned as a powerful system of social control, producing order and compliance, not genuine unity, while structurally dividing people into in-groups and out-groups: The saved vs. the damned, the true believers vs. the infidels, the God-fearing people vs. the wicked and evil, etc.
What has changed is not that people stopped believing in higher things, but that fewer institutions can silence competing interpretations and still call the result “unity.” Human disagreement is not a failure of modernity; it is the default state of complex societies.
There are many factors at hand. I am approaching this philosophically. People are always going to invoke metaphysics, epistemology, ethics even if they do not understand they are doing so. It doesn't matter to me if people here are Christians, Muslims, atheists, etc.
Yes, I am familiar with church history and how it splintered over time. Sure, there were always regional and cultural differences but the Church was united as one church for many centuries, even in the beginning when there was not one authoritative Bible. Believing in God and the teachings of Church Fathers and possessing faith (etc.) were of greater significance to the population than and any trivial, superficial differences that arose in daily life or particular regions. I do not think that people only believed because of fear or threat of punishment; sure, there were many ‘heretics’ who challenged orthodox teachings. Gnosticism was a major threat to this worldview and one inversely correlated to Christianity.
I actually do agree with your criticism of the Catholic Church. But their machinations and abuse and usurpation of power are of something more deliberate and nefarious than a simple ‘disagreement.’ It really does conflict with Christianity itself, and the schism is indeed of great significance in this conversation. Rome was one of many patriarchates but began to deviate from tradition and assumed a position of papal supremacy instead of primacy, so it led to a schism; later on, protestants reacted to all of Catholic corruption but only created a new kind of heresy.
Aquinas is actually a bit of a forerunner to the Protestants and Descartes because of natural theology and his attempt to synthesize with pagan Aristotle which, despite good intentions, ended up displacing the traditional emphasis on ‘revealed’ theology in the West. This really is a huge precursor to what came later. Protestantism promotes individualism, largely because of the solas, like the idea that any one could pick up a bible clearly interpret it for himself using reason (despite it being a 'fallen' faculty) and devoid of traditional teachings, hence why there are endless denominations. Gnosticism, occultism/Hermeticism etc, factor in as well especially with the Renaissance and Enlightenment. Gnosticism teaches gnosis, a kind of individual salvation, and many other principles contrary to Christianity.
Sure, all of that is necessary to point out as a means to how we got here. Nevertheless, the embrace of solipsism furthers the revolution to a position of absurdity, and that is essentially what I argued from the beginning. It puts the ‘I’ before everything else and one no longer even needs to believe in a metaphysical transcendent order or the consequences thereof, as people have been ‘liberated’ from them. Consider today’s secular worldview: where do you find telos (purpose) in anything? We apparently are insignificant dust, bags of atoms randomly strewn together without meaning or purpose. Of course, I am aware of scientific movements that deviate from a mechanistic, materialistic worldview. Then you've got the pseudo-gnostic types like David Icke, proponents of sim theory etc.
The word dogma seems to only have a negative connotation these days, and is usually only used to describe religions. But is it dogma to say that men and women are different? So what? Modern institutions, academia, science can be just as dogmatic as any religion. Often scientific claims are based on theory rather than the actual scientific method and dogmatically asserted to be true. However, things like science or technology have no moral imperative, and don’t offer any real insight on how to get an ought from an is. As for ethics: why ought people not murder and rape? Are people not committing rape and murder only because they fear punishment? Can people democratically decide to make rape and murder legal? I think people innately are born with at least some capacity to see how immoral these are, even without any dogmatic ruling, but that does require people to rise above baser instincts. Power, technology etc are tools that can be used for good or abused. Are witch burnings any worse that what communists did to people or how about covid 'vaccines' and other big pharma atrocities?
I never said disagreement was solipsism. There is only one truth even if every person wants to have their own conception of truth. I also never said democracy was a theory of truth; I suggested that its utilization undermines the pursuit of truth and leads to relativism for there is nothing preventing it from doing so. People today are more divided than ever before -- how is this a good thing?