That doesn't sound too likely to work ... unless maybe you are something really impressive like a foreign diplomat or a neurosurgeon, but even then, it's kind of a weird way to approach people.
First of all, it's a business card so the woman might be confused about whether you are trying to hit on her or sell her something.
Second of all, by just throwing a business card in someone's hand, you're not giving them much reason to go through the effort call you, unless you are super-hot. And if you were, you wouldn't need to do something like that in the first place. In order for a woman to actually pick up the phone and call you, you're going to need to give her some sort of incentive to want to call you. Some sense of a spark or connection. And you have to look like you are willing to put forth at least a little effort.
Plus, think about it ... if you go to the mall and start handing out business cards left and right, the way people walk around and in and out of stores, chances are that some of the women will see you handing out your card to other women and then you look like a giant douche. And if the woman that sees you do this is the one woman that maybe was considering dropping you a line then you've screwed yourself over.
I think giving a business card is great way to give a woman a way to contact you, if you have a decent job, because it lets her see that you are successful and puts some power into her hands to establish contact. But it's better used in a situation where you've been talking to a woman and there seems to be interest and you break out the business card instead of asking for her phone number. Handing them out like that doesn't seem likely to do much for you.