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A troll is a supernatural being in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folklore. In origin, troll may have been a negative synonym for a jötunn (plural jötnar), a being in Norse mythology. In Old Norse sources, beings described as trolls dwell in isolated rocks, mountains, or caves, live together in small family units, and are rarely helpful to human beings.
Later, in Scandinavian folklore, trolls became beings in their own right, where they live far from human habitation, are not Christianized, and are considered dangerous to human beings. Depending on the region from which accounts of trolls stem, their appearance varies greatly; trolls may be ugly and slow-witted or look and behave exactly like human beings, with no particularly grotesque characteristic about them. Trolls are sometimes associated with particular landmarks, which at times may be explained as formed from a troll exposed to sunlight. One of the most famous elements of Scandinavian folklore, trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture.
Contents
[hide] 1 Norse mythology
2 Scandinavian folklore
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References and Further Reading
6 External links
Norse mythology
In Norse mythology, troll, like thurs, is a term applied to jötnar, and are mentioned throughout the Old Norse corpus. In Old Norse sources, trolls are said to dwell in isolated mountains, rocks, and caves, sometimes live together (usually as father-and-daughter or mother-and-son), and are rarely described as helpful or friendly.[1] In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, a scenario describing an encounter between an unnamed troll woman and the 9th century skald Bragi Boddason is provided. According to the section, once, late in the evening, Bragi was driving through "a certain forest" when a troll woman aggressively asked him who he was, in the process describing herself:
Old Norse:
Troll kalla miktrungl sjǫtrungnis,auðsug jǫtuns,élsólar bǫl,vilsinn vǫlu,vǫrð nafjarðar,hvélsveg himins –hvat's troll nema þat?[2]
Anthony Faulkes translation:
'Trolls call memoon of dwelling-Rungnir,giant's wealth-sucker,storm-sun's bale,seeress's friendly companion,guardian of corpse-fiord,swallower of heaven-wheel;what is a troll other than that?'[3]
John Lindow translation:
They call me a troll,moon of the earth-Hrungnir [?]wealth sucker [?] of the giant,destroyer of the storm-sun [?]beloved follower of the seeress,guardian of the "nafjord" [?]swallower of the wheel of heaven [the sun].What's a troll if not that?[2]
Bragi responds in turn, describing himself and his abilities as a skillful skald, before the scenario ends.[3]
There is much confusion and overlap in the use of Old Norse terms jötunn, troll, þurs and risi, which describe various beings. Lotte Motz theorized that these were originally four distinct classes of beings; lords of nature (jötunn), mythical magicians (troll), hostile monsters (þurs) and heroic and courtly beings (risi)—the last class being the youngest addition. Ármann Jakobsson calls this theory "unsupported by any convincing evidence".[4] He has gone on to study the Old Norse examples of the term troll and has concluded that in the Middle Ages, the term is used to denote various beings such as a giant or mountain-dweller, a witch, an abnormally strong or large or ugly person, an evil spirit, a ghost, a blámaðr, a magical boar, a heathen demi-god, a demon, a brunnmigi or a berserk.[5][clarification needed]
Troll women are represented within various sagas as hostile, mischievous, and strong beings. They are hardly ever described as beautiful and most oftenly are seen as nightmarish in appearance. However, even with their terrible reputation for cannibalism and their bestial nature, troll women have been found to be compatible with other humans.[6] This remains a rare occasion but evidence is seen in Hjalmthes Saga when he encounters the troll-woman Vargeisa. Although she is sexually forward she does not harm Hjalmther but in contrast offers him advice.[7] The female troll is often seen as a mere character to be acted upon by a male hero, serving as his foil.[8] When a male hero and female troll meet often a poetic battle develops at the end of which the troll is slain. Surprisingly, troll women have a knack for rhetorical skill when it comes to poetry.[9] In various sagas the innapropriate dress of troll women is commonly noted. They are often seen as wearing short skirts that reveal what is underneath. Female trolls, as well as males, also have a strong association with magic. Some of the earliest evidence of trolls refers female trolls rather than male trolls.[10]
The term troll is often used as a descriptor rather than referring to a separate being, for example when it is used to describe a state of being that is not permanent, but instead a temporary change to an altered temperament. Troll is often used to refer to qualities or tendencies of a character and can even be used as an insult towards another. We see many examples of troll as a descriptor of appearance and behavior within Snorri‘s Egils Saga Skallagrimnsson. Egil is described as being troll-like in appearance and his manic behavior often can be attributed to being troll-like as well. When he bites through his opponent Atli‘s throat this as seen a troll-like behavior through the fact that it demonstrates cannibalistic behavior. When Egil carves runes into a drinking horn and then covers them with blood this practice of magic might also be linked to trollish behavior. His father, Kveld-Ulf has an aunt who is considered to be a half-troll. Even Egil‘s nanny is described as being like a troll woman because of her ability to practice magic. For more detailed discussion, see Jakobsson‘s Beast and Man.
Scandinavian folklore
Later, in Scandinavian folklore, trolls become defined as a particular type of being.[11] Numerous tales about trolls are recorded, in which they are frequently described as being extremely old, very strong, but slow and dim-witted, and are at times described as man-eaters and as turning to stone upon contact with sunlight.[12] However, trolls are also attested as looking much the same as human beings, without any particularly hideous appearance about them, but where they differ is in that they live far away from human habitation, and, unlike the rå and näck—who are attested as "solitary beings", trolls generally have "some form of social organization". Where they differ, Lindow adds, is that they are not Christian, and those that encounter them do not know them. Therefore trolls were in the end dangerous, regardless of how well they may get along with Christian society, and trolls display a habit of bergtagning ('kidnapping'; literally "mountain-taking") and overrunning a farm or estate.[13]
While noting that the etymology of the word "troll" remains uncertain, John Lindow defines trolls in later Swedish folklore as "nature beings" and as "all-purpose otherworldly being
, equivalent, for example, to fairies in Anglo-Celtic traditions" and that they "therefore appear in various migratory legends where collective nature-beings are called for". Lindow notes that trolls are sometimes swapped out for cats and "little people" in the folklore record.[13]
A Scandinavian folk belief that lightning frightens away trolls and jötnar appears in numerous Scandinavian folktales, and may be a late reflection of the god Thor's role in fighting such beings. In connection, the lack of trolls and jötnar in modern Scandinavia is sometimes explained as a result of the "accuracy and efficiency of the lightning strokes".[14] Additionally, the absence of trolls in regions of Scandinavia are described in folklore as being a "consequence of the constant din of the church-bells". This ring caused the trolls to leave for other lands, although not without some resistance; numerous traditions relate how trolls destroyed a church under construction or lunged boulders and stones at completed churches. Large local stones are sometimes described as the product of a troll's toss.[15] Additionally, into the 20th century, the origins of particular Scandinavian landmarks, such as particular stones, are ascribed to trolls who may, for example, have turned to stone upon exposure to sunlight.[12]
Lindow compares the trolls of the Swedish folk tradition to supernatural mead hall invader Grendel in the Old English poem Beowulf, and notes that "just as the poem Beowulf emphasizes not the harrying of Grendel but the cleansing of the hall of Beowulf, so the modern tales stress the moment when the trolls are driven off."[13]
Smaller trolls are attested as living in burial mounds and in mountains in Scandinavian folk tradition.[16] In Denmark, these creatures are recorded as troldfolk ("troll-folk"), bjergtrolde ("mountain-trolls"), or bjergfolk ("mountain-folk") and in Norway also as troldfolk ("troll-folk") and tusser.[16] Trolls may be described as small, human-like beings or as tall as men depending on the region of origin of the story.[17] James MacCulloch theorizes a connection between the Old Norse vættir and trolls, theorizing that both concepts may either stem from (or ultimately derive from) spirits of the dead.[18]
In Norwegian tradition, similar tales may be told about the larger trolls and the Huldrefolk ("hidden-folk") yet a distinction is made between the two. The use of the word trow in Orkney and Shetland, to mean beings which are very like the Huldrefolk in Norway may suggest a common origin for the terms. The word troll may have been used by pagan Norse settlers in Orkney and Shetland as a collective term for supernatural beings who should be respected and avoided rather than worshiped. Troll could later have become specialized as a description of the larger, more menacing Jötunn-kind whereas Huldrefolk may have developed as the general term applied to smaller trolls.[19]
