Like it or not, legalization of marijuana is inevitable. There is a generational gap between people born before 1960 and afterwards, and the prohibitionist “Reefer Madness” generation has begun to die off. A fresh Gallup poll found a record “high” 50% nationwide support, with increased support from every demographic, from west to east, young and old, liberal to conservative, guys to girls. While polls will always disagree over exact numbers, Gallup is the landmark because they’ve been asking the question for the longest and most consistently. As the elderly croak, the national average has been shifting by around two percent every year for the past six years, except this year—by four percent, and support may ultimately reach 60 percent or higher. In this essay, I'm going to address one legitimate concern which people commonly have against legalization: drugged driving.
Right off the bat, I need to clarify I’m not advocating for driving impaired. But I do argue there is not much of a public safety concern, less than someone having one or two drinks at a restaurant dinner or home dinner party, which is three to four times more dangerous than smoking lucky pot at a potluck. Beer makes you delusional, Mary Jane makes you conscientious. As opposed to alcohol which causes you to drive faster and recklessly without abandon, weed causes you to drive slower and more cautiously. As opposed to alcohol which makes you think “I’m okay to drive,” marijuana makes you wait until it's true.
In conclusion, nobody wants more dangerous roads and the roads are dangerous enough, but marijuana does not pose a great risk to public safety. Since marijuana prohibition arguably drives many people to choose to drink to have a good time, it's arguable that legalization actually may make the roads safer—less drinkers, less alcoholics, less traffic fatalities; marijuana is a proven “exit drug” away from alcohol (source). As Allen St. Pierre once reminisced, “In the twenty years I’ve worked at NORML and convening dozens of major pro-reform conferences, fundraising parties and events I’ve watched bar managers, restaurant owners and hotel catering managers from coast-to-coast do major double and triple takes on our alcohol consumption bills, insisting that there must be some kind of billing error. When, in fact, if 500 cannabis consumers are attending a NORML soiree, we as a group consume 50%-75% less alcohol than similar size events.”
Right off the bat, I need to clarify I’m not advocating for driving impaired. But I do argue there is not much of a public safety concern, less than someone having one or two drinks at a restaurant dinner or home dinner party, which is three to four times more dangerous than smoking lucky pot at a potluck. Beer makes you delusional, Mary Jane makes you conscientious. As opposed to alcohol which causes you to drive faster and recklessly without abandon, weed causes you to drive slower and more cautiously. As opposed to alcohol which makes you think “I’m okay to drive,” marijuana makes you wait until it's true.
nominal = minimalWhile it is well established that alcohol consumption increases accident risk, evidence of marijuana's culpability in on-road driving accidents and injury is far less clear. Although acute cannabis intoxication following inhalation has been shown to mildly impair psychomotor skills, this impairment is seldom severe or long lasting. (By contrast, virtually no published research exists assessing the oral ingestion of cannabis edibles on psychomotor performance). In closed course and driving simulator studies, marijuana's acute effects on psychomotor performance include minor impairments in tracking (eye movement control) and reaction time (break latency), as well as variation in lateral positioning (weaving), headway (drivers under the influence of cannabis tend to follow less closely to the vehicle in front of them), and speed (drivers tend to decrease speed following cannabis inhalation). Notably, these impairments in performance are more likely to be manifested in driver simulator tests than in assessments of actual on-road behavior, where changes in performance are consistently nominal.
There are no real accident statistics available for marijuana because it remains detectable in blood for upwards of seven days, long after a driver has reached sobriety. An article in the Los Angeles Times notes:In general, cannabis-induced variations in driving behavior, when present, are less consistent or pronounced than the impairments exhibited by subjects under the influence of alcohol. Unlike subjects impaired by alcohol, individuals under the influence of cannabis tend to be aware of their impairment and try to compensate for it accordingly, either by driving more cautiously or by expressing an unwillingness to drive altogether. Further, numerous studies report that experienced cannabis users develop tolerance to many of the changes in cognitive or psychomotor performance associated with acute cannabis intoxication.
…A 2007 case-control study published in the Canadian Journal of Public Health reviewed 10-years of US auto-fatality data. Investigators found that US drivers with blood alcohol levels of 0.05% – a level well below the legal limit for intoxication – were three times as likely to have engaged in unsafe driving activities prior to a fatal crash as compared to individuals who tested positive for marijuana. A 2005 review of auto accident fatality data from France reported similar results, finding that drivers who tested positive for any amount of alcohol had a four times greater risk of having a fatal accident than did drivers who tested positive for marijuana in their blood. In the latter study, even drivers with low levels of alcohol present in their blood (below 0.05%) experienced a greater elevated risk as compared to drivers who tested positive for higher concentrations of cannabis (above 5ng/ml). Both studies noted that overall few traffic accidents appeared to be attributed to driver's operating a vehicle while impaired by cannabis (source).
Yet, law enforcement cannot place “much of the blame on the rapid growth of medical marijuana” for those accidents; medical marijuana is simply more prevalent. Those drivers were not “high” because as the NHTSA noted in 2007, “It should be emphasized that this is a prevalence study, and not a study that addresses the risk that may be presented by drug use among drivers. For many drug types, drug presence can be detected long after any impairment that might affect driving has passed” (source). A 1993 study by the NHTSA concluded, “THC is not a profoundly impairing drug. It does affect automatic information processing, even after low doses, but not to any great extent after high doses. It apparently affects controlled information processing in a variety of laboratory tests, but not to the extent which is beyond the individual’s ability to control when he is motivated and permitted to do so in real driving.”(source). According to the Drug Policy Alliance, “Surveys of fatally injured drivers show that when THC is detected in the blood, alcohol is almost always detected as well” (source), showing how it’s alcohol to blame. As Allen St. Pierre, executive director of NORML, correctly argues, “If we as a society are really concerned about this then we will have impairment testing that looks for the impairment of the driver, whether that’s caused by marijuana use, whether they’re hungover, whether they’re taking too many pharmaceuticals, whether they’re sleep deficient… so impairment testing is the solution, drug testing is not. To deal with the accusation there will be more stoned drivers on the road after marijuana is legalized is missing the larger point, that already today there are thousands upon thousands of people who drive cars who the government could make the argument is impaired” (source).The most recent assessment by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA], based on random roadside checks, found that 16.3% of all drivers nationwide at night were on various legal and illegal impairing drugs, half them high on marijuana. In California alone, nearly 1,000 deaths and injuries each year are blamed directly on drugged drivers, according to [California Highway Patrol] data, and law enforcement puts much of the blame on the rapid growth of medical marijuana use in the last decade. Fatalities in crashes where drugs were the primary cause and alcohol was not involved jumped 55% over the 10 years ending in 2009 (source).
In conclusion, nobody wants more dangerous roads and the roads are dangerous enough, but marijuana does not pose a great risk to public safety. Since marijuana prohibition arguably drives many people to choose to drink to have a good time, it's arguable that legalization actually may make the roads safer—less drinkers, less alcoholics, less traffic fatalities; marijuana is a proven “exit drug” away from alcohol (source). As Allen St. Pierre once reminisced, “In the twenty years I’ve worked at NORML and convening dozens of major pro-reform conferences, fundraising parties and events I’ve watched bar managers, restaurant owners and hotel catering managers from coast-to-coast do major double and triple takes on our alcohol consumption bills, insisting that there must be some kind of billing error. When, in fact, if 500 cannabis consumers are attending a NORML soiree, we as a group consume 50%-75% less alcohol than similar size events.”
