HANDLE brings up a great point by highlighting cultural differences in regards to the wife being called by her husbands last name.
I tend to look at the whole last name, husband/wife scenario, through the lens of it's deeper, spiritual implications as it pertains to the fundamental perspectives of classic Christianity.
When I look at it from that perspective, there are definitely deeper spiritual concepts involved such as covenant-relationship, proper spiritual "covering", Biblical familial order, and a bunch of other things that are important to me, BUT---------probably don't really matter much to many of those who don't share my beliefs.
However, having said all that, in general, HERE in the United States of America, my observations on wives refusing to accept their husband's last names usually cause me to warn guys that:
If a woman won't take your last name, then don't expect her to take your direction ------as the Head of the Household------either.
In my opinion, unless she's really, REALLY famous or world renowned--------AND she makes her living mainly off of her name recognition, like "Madonna", "Cher", or "Beyonce", then you should definitely interpret her REFUSAL to take YOUR last name as the cold, iron-gloved, slap across the face that it most likely is.
Again, OUTSIDE of the aforementioned differences in cultures, you better believe that there's a reason why the majority of typical, married American women who choose to hold on to their own last names through hyphenation do so-------it's because they KNOW that deep down they'll be wanting it back again!
One example among MANY:
Eva Longoria probably only changed her name to Eva Longoria-PARKER to make it easier for her to drop his ass off COMPLETELY whenever it was time for her to become just "Eva Longoria" again.
...which, as we can see, whe's now known as Eva Longoria------once again.